Angular leaf spot

lesions on the underside of the leaf. They enlarge to angular spots, often limited by the small veins. The distinctive feature is the way the lesions look [...] that become the primary source of infection in the spring. The bacteria are also introduced in a crop in new transplants. This bacterium is very resistant [...] dry leaves or leaves in the soil, but not independantly in the soil. Under humid conditions, bacteria ooze from the lesions on the leaves and form a secondary

Integrated Pest Management

minimize the use of chemical pesticides and consider the ecological impact of pest management. Is IPM safe for the environment? Is IPM safe for the environment [...] environment? IPM is designed to have the lowest possible impact on the environment and human health. It reduces the reliance on chemical pesticides, which can [...] pests effectively. This approach is not just about eliminating pests; it's about achieving a balance in the ecosystem. The principles of IPM Prevention IPM

Early blight

Early blight General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues [...] spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving conidia in the soil. Use resistant [...] From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers (especially dangerous in crops for seed production) and to the crown

Black sigatoka disease

conidia. The ascospores are wind-dispersed over longer distances, the conidia are splash-dispersed within the crop. Both types of spores cause the exact same [...] them, so the spores cannot be discharged from the lower leaves in the stack Use under-canopy (drip) irrigation to reduce splash dispersal Lower the humidity [...] same symptoms. They enter the leaf through the stomata. After infection, hyphae emerge from the stomata and either develop into conidiophores with new

Damping-off

bulbs. At first, the plants recover during the night, but later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot [...] of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy [...] enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to the growing roots of young plants and move towards them through the soil water

Tomato leafminer

occur underneath the crown of the fruit and even inside the fruit itself. On leaves, the larvae only feed on mesophyll tissues, leaving the epidermis intact [...] mine inside the leaf, stem or fruit. In the second to fourth instars they become greenish with a black band behind the head. The prepupae of the tomato leaf [...] place in the soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine. If they leave the mines they build silk cocoons on the leaflets or in the soil

Crop Protection

harm to the environment. It also minimizes the use of chemical pesticides and promotes biodiversity. How can I assess if biological crop protection is suitable [...] protection is the practice of protecting plants against pests, diseases, and harmful influences to ensure healthy growth and reliable harvests. It is essential [...] negative impacts on the environment and non-target organisms, biological crop protection is both eco-friendly and sustainable, ensuring the health of crops

Botrytis

Botrytis cinerea ) is part of the foot rot complex, which causes rotting of the foot and may cause death of the plants. In cucumber and tomato the fungus causes [...] that it excretes compounds that kill the plant cells and then uses the content of the plant cells as nutrients. On the infected area, new spores are formed [...] lesions on pruning wounds. These lesions may encircle the stem, so the part of the plant above the lesion wilts and dies. In vegetables and strawberry,

Southern European marshland pyralid

tile-like fashion on both the upper and lower surface of leaves close to the veins, or low on the stem or stalk close to the ground. The pinkish red eggs are [...] week later, the young larva is visible within the egg. The full-grown caterpillars are 20 to 30 mm long and have a creamy white colour. Along the dorsal surface [...] surface of the body there are pairs of dark dots. The dark head is also conspicuous, as are the four dark dots behind the head capsule. There are 4 pairs

Cotton aphid

from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth is retarded giving rise to deformed leaves or, if the infestation [...] as chrysanthemum and kalanchoe. The cotton aphid ( Aphis gossypii ) is distributed throughout the world but prefers the warmer regions. It has been a pest [...] skin, betraying their presence in the crop. The cotton aphid can be distinguished from other aphids by the colour of the two cornicles (siphunculi). These