• Fusarium spp.

  foot and/or root rot of the infected host plant, and the disease may manifest as wilting, stunting and chlorosis or lesions on the stem and/or leaves. Life [...] mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place [...] crops. Many species are considered weak pathogens and can only infect wounded or stressed host plants. The following pathogens can be distinguished: Fusarium

• Damping-off

  are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature [...] soil or substrate. Oospores are dispersed when soil particles are moved around by humans or machinery. Pythium can survive very well in the soil or substrate [...] . Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs at higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  stem rot). Damage symptoms In tomato, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora causes bacterial stem rot as well as soft rot. Stem [...] Stem rot is first noticed when plants wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the [...] the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem seems wet and slimy. Above or below the hollow stem the vascular tissue keeps its normal colour. On the fruits

• Black sigatoka disease

  conidiophores with new conidia or grow across the surface and infect adjacent stomata. Both types of spores can germinate within two or three hours under humid [...] prevent Black sigatoka disease Use resistant cultivars Remove or burn infected leaves or at least stack them, so the spores cannot be discharged from the [...] sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis ) first causes small, light yellow spots or streaks on leaves of about one month old. The symptoms run parallel to the

• Phytophthora blight

  either germinate directly or produce zoospores), chlamydospores (thick-walled mycelium cells which are resistant to desiccation) or mycelium. Zoospores are [...] spreads more rapidly when the water content of the soil or substrate is higher than normal or optimal for crop growth. How to prevent Phytophthora blight [...] damping off and rot of stems, bulbs, tubers, leaves and fruits. Late blight or Phytophthora blight (Phytophtora infestans f.sp. infestans ) causes water-soaked

• Angular leaf spot

  in combination with high humidity or presence of water. These conditions occur mostly in the spring if it rains or when sprinkler irrigation is used. [...] bacterium is very resistant to desiccation and can survive well in dry leaves or leaves in the soil, but not independantly in the soil. Under humid conditions [...] secondary source of infection. They are dispersed by rain, irrigation water or handling of the plants. Infection of the plants happens both passively and

• Fusarium wilt

  mycelium cells) or mycelium. Survival is also possible on seed, greenhouse structures, tools and machinery. Primary infection is either seed-borne or takes place [...] at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. How to prevent Fusarium wilt Remove or destroy crop residues [...] crops. Many species are considered weak pathogens and can only infect wounded or stressed host plants. Damage symptoms Fusarium fungi cause vascular wilt,

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  and infect through the stomata or directly through the cuticle. On the lesions, pycnidia are formed from which orange-red masses of two-celled conidia are [...] a fungal plant pathogen that causes A scochyta blight on pea (leaf blight or pea blight) and lesions of stems, leaves, and pods (pea leaf spot and pea [...] elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The fungus

• Botrytis

  many environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs and crop residues or as sclerotia (drought- and cold-resistant structures) in the soil. Damage [...] flowers, usually small round specks occur first, called ‘pocks’. These may or may not grow into larger grey-brown lesions. The symptoms on fruits, flowers [...] / Botrytis cinerea) is considered a weak pathogen, only infecting weakened or damaged plants. How to prevent Grey mould Make sure the crop grows regularly

• Downy mildew of rose

  In cabbage the stem is also infected in severe epidemics. In blackberry, red stripes may occur on the stems and petioles due to systemic infection. Early [...] fruits die and shrivel. Later infections cause the berries to split and one or both parts to possibly shrivel. Life cycle and appearance of Downy mildew [...] to Pythium and Phytophthora . They survive as oospores. From these oospores or surviving mycelium sporangia are formed, structures in which zoospores are