• Leaf miners

  damage. In (sub)tropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown plants of fruiting [...] the stage of development of the leaf, the species of host plant and the species of leaf miner. The older larvae make wider tunnels. Feeding spots made by [...] There are many species of leaf miner affecting various crops in temperate parts of the world. Under natural conditions, the larvae of these species are p

• False codling moth

  larvae tunnels in the fruit. An infested fruit usually falls from the tree 3-5 weeks after penetration by the larvae. Appearance and life cycle of False codling [...] native to sub-Saharan Africa and is found in all citrus production areas in Southern Africa. It also occurs on some of the Indian and Atlantic Ocean islands [...] is its quarantine status and is not due to the economic losses. Damage and symptoms Larval penetration holes in the fruit can only be found through thorough

• Aphids

  quantities of sap in order to get sufficient protein. As a consequence, the excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit sticky [...] Biological control of aphids Aphids are among the most harmful pests in greenhouse and field crops, causing plant stress, virus transmission and yield loss. Effective [...] slow-moving and tend to cluster on the undersides of leaves, where they feed on plant sap. They may also be found on stems, buds, flowers and fruit. Damage:

• Broad mite

  s latus) occurs in the tropics and in greenhouses in temperate regions. The broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) has a wide range of host plants, especially [...] caused by viruses. The typical pattern of damage consists of malformation and distortion of the above-ground growth of the plant. The mites show a preference [...] brown and curl up. A typical indication of an attack of broad mite ( Polyphagotarsonemus latus ), is the appearance of dark brown edges at the base of young

• Tomato leafminer

  mines in the leaves. Caterpillars prefer leaves and stems, but they may also occur underneath the crown of the fruit and even inside the fruit itself [...] malformations. Damage to fruit allows fungal diseases to enter, leading to rotting fruit before or after harvest. Life cycle and appearance of Tomato leafminer [...] place in the soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine. If they leave the mines they build silk cocoons on the leaflets or in the soil

• Persea mite

  which can expose fruit and branches to sunburn and ultimately reduce yield and fruit quality. Life cycle The persea mite has a fast life cycle, allowing [...] mite ( Oligonychus perseae ) a key pest in avocado production worldwide. It lives and feeds on the undersides of avocado leaves, where it forms small webbed [...] feeding colonies that cause significant leaf damage and can reduce photosynthesis, fruit yield, and tree health when left unmanaged. Damage symptoms Persea

• Cotton bollworm

  The fruits stop growing, mature rapidly, and drop off. In legumes, flowers are attacked, and seed pods may be pierced. Life cycle and appearance of Cotton [...] to 19 mm in length and have a wingspan of about 40 mm. The grey-green males are smaller. The forewings are edged with a line of black spots, and the hindwings [...] bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) occurs in the tropics and sub-tropics of all continents except for North America. Larvae of the cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa

• Cyclamen mite

  brown or silvery and die. Flowers and young fruits become brown near the base. Life cycle and appearance of Cyclamen mite The life cycle of the cyclamen mite [...] brittle and smaller than usual. In cyclamen, the flowers are damaged and leaf growth is inhibited. In hedera, a mite attack can cause baldness in parts of [...] found in cyclamen, gerbera and other ornamentals . Mites belonging to the family of tarsonemids ( Tarsonemidae ) display a greater diversity of feeding

• Whitefly

  development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. By sucking plant sap and secreting honeydew, whitefly reduces the aesthetic value of crops. This [...] wasps are key in reducing whitefly populations by parasitizing larvae and host feeding. Predatory mites and bugs feed on eggs and larvae of whiteflies. [...] larvae need a lot of nutrients for growth, and thus consume a large quantity of plant sap. This contains a high proportion of sugar, and the excess is excreted

• Tobacco whitefly

  development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes it sticky. Dirt adheres to the fruit, and the growth of sooty moulds [...] because of its high level of resistance to many insecticides and its propensity for the transmission of viruses. Life cycle and appearance of Tobacco whitefly [...] irregular ripening in tomatoes and sweet peppers, yellowing of the flower stalks in gerbera, and serious yellowing of the leaves of French beans. Other