Beetles

damage Both larvae and adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems [...] species, Coleoptera is the largest of all insect orders and displays an enormous variety of form, size and habit. A number of species are a serious pest in crops [...] resemble the adult at all, and must pass through a pupal instar before reaching the adult stage. Larvae have biting mouthparts and mostly feed on the same

Bugs

puncturing leaves and growing points with their piercing-sucking mouthparts and extracting nutrients from them, resulting in deformations and puncture holes [...] insects, containing both harmful and beneficial species. Heteropteran bugs are insects which have flattened bodies and fold their wings flat over their [...] an egg, usually five nymphal instars and the adult insect. Several species of especially the families Miridae and Pentatomidae are found as pests in a

Psyllids

Hemiptera Psyllids

Flies

fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their larvae live in the ground and prefer moist substrates [...] immediate result of larvae feeding on root hairs and tender roots as well as stem and leaf tissue and fruits. The lesions caused by feeding larvae provide [...] re and mushroom cultivation. Species that can cause damage or nuisance, are particularly small flies of the families Sciaridae (sciarid flies) and Ephydridae

Leaf miners

directly and indirectly. The most direct damage is caused by the larvae mining the leaf tissue which can lead to desiccation, premature leaf-fall and cosmetic [...] ip between population size, leaf damage and yield reduction varies according to the season, culture method and the susceptibility of the host plant. This [...] are leaf miners? Leaf miners belong to the order Diptera (the true flies ) and form the family Agromyzidae. This is a family of small flies whose larvae

Caterpillars

on leaves and young shoots, and their enormous feeding capacity can rapidly decimate a plant. Very small caterpillars are not able to chew and therefore [...] What are caterpillars? Caterpillars are the larvae of butterflies and moths. Butterflies and moths form the order Lepidoptera, a very large group with more [...] them feed on nectar. In contrast, the caterpillars have biting and chewing mouthparts and can devour large amounts of plant tissue. Many species cause damage

Leafhoppers

Hemiptera Leafhoppers

Aphids

on stems, buds, flowers and fruit. Damage: Aphids can cause damage to leaves, stems, and flowers by piercing the plant tissue and sucking out the sap. This [...] the crop and its fruit sticky. Black fungal moulds (such as Cladosporium spp. and Capnodium spp.) grow on this honeydew, contaminating fruit and ornamental [...] hygiene Keep the growing area clean and free from weeds, debris, and plant residues that can harbor aphids. Regularly remove and dispose of any infested plant

Tobacco whitefly

high level of resistance to many insecticides and its propensity for the transmission of viruses. Life cycle and appearance of Tobacco whitefly The tobacco [...] egg, first, second, third and fourth larval stage (often referred to as ‘pupa’ although strictly spoken this is not true) and adult. The larvae are found [...] but is slightly smaller and yellower. More distinctively, the wings of the tobacco whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ) are held vertical and parallel along the body

Greenhouse whitefly

pepper, tomato, roses, gerbera and poinsettia. Damage symptoms The larvae of whitefly need a lot of protein for growth, and thus consume a large quantity [...] retarded. In full sunlight, leaves can wilt and fall. Such leaf damage can in turn influence the development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew [...] the leaves, reducing photosynthesis and transpiration. Viruses can be transmitted. The consumption of plant sap and secreting of honeydew by whiteflies