• Downy mildew of rose

  outside of the seed). Optimum temperature for germination, infection and sporulation is relatively low, in general between 10 and 20 °C. Late in the season [...] stems and fruits. They cause lesions on the upper leaf surface, bordered by the veins, which are first yellow and then turn brown. On the underside of the [...] which is first white and later turns grey-brown. This is, in fact, the sporulation of the pathogens extruding from the stomata. In lettuce, the foot is

• Damping-off

  higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage [...] irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or [...] typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Damping-off

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  soil-inhabitant in tropical and subtropical regions and is transferred by the introduction of propagation materials (seed potatoes, cuttings of ornamentals [...] soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential host plants. Damage symptoms In potato, field [...] cycle and appearance of Bacterial wilt, brown rot Ralstonia solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  blight) and lesions of stems, leaves, and pods (pea leaf spot and pea pod spot). Damage symptoms Ascochyta pisi causes spots on leaves, stems and pods of [...] areas. Life cycle and appearance of Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Ascochyta pisi hardly survives in the soil or on crop residues because of its poor saprophytic [...] The spots on leaves and pods are round, on the stems they are more elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown

• Cottony soft rot

  wilting and death of plants. Life cycle and appearance of Cottony soft rot Cottony soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium [...] mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 and 26 °C with an optimum between 13 and 15 °C [...] Germination and infection mostly take place at high soil water content over a prolonged period of time. The sclerotia germinate directly and form mycelium

• Western flower thrips

  patches on leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop. The vigour of the plant is reduced by loss of chlorophyll. When [...] vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses, and on various weeds. It is an especially significant pest in cucumber, sweet pepper, eggplants, and many ornamental [...] pupa, and finally the adult insect. The eggs of the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft

• Black sigatoka disease

  merge and the whole leaf turns brown and ultimately dies. In cases of severe infection leaves may die within a few weeks. Because of the lack of leaf tissues [...] occurrence of puddles and ensuring optimal ventilation in the crop Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential and crop resilience. [...] centimetres in size and turn brown with light grey centres. These spots enlarge further and the tissue around the lesions turns yellow and dies. Lesions

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem [...] as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying [...] tools and equipment Promote rapid closing of wounds Disinfest recirculating irrigation water Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential and crop

• Cotton leafworm

  species feeding on plants of 40 families, containing 87 species of economic importance. It originates in Egypt, and is currently found in Africa, the Canary Islands [...] Middle East and parts of Mediterranean Europe including the Balearic Islands, Madeira and the Azores. Damage symptoms Most of the damage is caused by the older [...] littoralis ) also attacks the young grains in the ear. Life cycle and appearance of Cotton leafworm Each adult female of the cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis)

• Chula Brand is a pioneer in biological pest control in papaya

  20 years of experience in the production and distribution of papaya and other tropical fruits such as pineapple and lime. An important part of their mission [...] company in the production and export of papayas, which has managed to control the pests responsible for losses in its production in a safe and effective [...] aphids and leafhoppers through the release and establishment of their main natural enemies in the crop. "The future of biological control in tropical