• Green peach aphid

  malformations of the growing tips. Life cycle and appearance of green peach aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults [...] families. Damage symptoms Of all the aphids , the peach potato aphid ( Myzus persicae subsp. persicae ) is the most important vector of viral diseases. It can [...] therefore need to extract large quantities of sap to get sufficient protein. The excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop and its fruit

• American serpentine leaf miner

  plant tissue via the feeding spots. Life cycle and appearance of American serpentine leaf miner The life cycle of a leaf miner has the following stages: [...] tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown plants of fruiting vegetable crops, however, a considerable quantity of foliage can get damaged [...] ornamental crops, this is usually of less significance. Seedlings and young plants can be completely destroyed as a result of the direct damage caused by leaf

• Fusarium spp.

  sulphureum (Dry rot of potato): Potato ( Solanum tuberosum) Fusarium solani : Members of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are capable of causing disease [...] infection decreases the baking quality of wheat and brewing qualities of barley. Furthermore, mycotoxins are produced, of which DON (deoxynivalenol) is the [...] chlorosis or lesions on the stem and/or leaves. Life cycle and appearance of Fusarium spp. Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species

• Caterpillars

  addition to consumption of the plant, caterpillars also spoil the plant with the large quantities of frass they leave behind. Life cycle of caterpillars Caterpillar [...] crops. Biological control of caterpillars combines monitoring and control strategies that target different life stages of the pest: Beneficial nematodes [...] damage crops. Most of them feed on nectar. In contrast, the caterpillars have biting and chewing mouthparts and can devour large amounts of plant tissue. Many

• Black sigatoka disease

  dies. In cases of severe infection leaves may die within a few weeks. Because of the lack of leaf tissues, fruit maturity is hampered. Life cycle and appearance [...] leaf-spot of banana. Damage symptoms Black sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis ) first causes small, light yellow spots or streaks on leaves of about one [...] adjacent stomata. Both types of spores can germinate within two or three hours under humid conditions, but infection takes a minimum of two or three days under

• Bugs

  hemimetabolous insects. Their life cycle consists of an egg, usually five nymphal instars and the adult insect. Several species of especially the families Miridae [...] obvious damage is the deformation of growing points. They also cause tissue damage and deformed growth as a result of toxic substances that they inject [...] Heteropteran bugs form a group in the order Hemiptera , a highly diverse group of insects, containing both harmful and beneficial species. Heteropteran bugs

• Obscure mealybug

  an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess sugars in the form of honeydew. Charac [...] primarily at the foot of the stalk. In an overhead wire system of cultivation, the mealybugs are often located on the horizontal part of the stalk. These mealybugs [...] considerable economic damage. Life cycle and appearance of Obscure mealybug Mealybugs get their name from the fact that the body of the females from the third

• Macrolophus pygmaeus

  Consumption of plant sap, however, can cause damage to crops such as certain varieties of tomato, and gerbera. Conditions that promote the onset of such problems [...] problems include a shortage of prey, a high population of bugs (more than 100-150 per plant), and a weak crop. More delicate types of tomato are more susceptible [...] may appear. The use of this bug in gerbera is therefore not recommended, and care should be taken in cherry tomato crops. Life cycle of Macrolophus pygmaeus

• Amblyseius swirskii

  lay 1.4 eggs per day on this prey Life cycle of Amblyseius swirskii The life cycle of Amblyseius swirskii consists of egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph [...] By consuming multiple life stages of these pests, Amblyseius swirskii effectively controls thrips and whitefly. Feeding behaviour of Amblyseius swirskii [...] a species of predatory mite widely employed for biological pest control in agriculture. The predatory mite is an excellent biocontrol agent of thrips and

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds may have brown areas. Life cycle and appearance of Pea blight, leaf and pod spot [...] lesions of stems, leaves, and pods (pea leaf spot and pea pod spot). Damage symptoms Ascochyta pisi causes spots on leaves, stems and pods of peas. The [...] formed from which orange-red masses of two-celled conidia are exuded. Secondary infection is by splash dispersal of these conidia. There is no known sexual