Trichoderma harzianum

Biofungicide for crop protection Trichoderma harzianum T-22 is a species of beneficial fungus commonly used in agriculture and horticulture for its various [...] Competition for nutrients: Trichoderma harzianum competes for resources, such as space and nutrients, thereby reducing the availability of resources for pathogen [...] iron available for the plant to absorb. As a result, it provides a natural and environmentally friendly approach to disease management in agriculture and

Botrytis

fungus in many environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs and crop residues or as sclerotia (drought- and cold-resistant structures) in the soil [...] much vegetative growth, in order to maintain a microclimate which is not humid enough for grey mould Provide sufficient ventilation in greenhouse crops Remove [...] plants or plant parts in a closed plastic bag In tomato: prune with a knife and not by hand, to avoid rugged, irregular wound surfaces In cucumber: remove dead

Downy mildew of rose

and this causes the plant to fall over. In cabbage the stem is also infected in severe epidemics. In blackberry, red stripes may occur on the stems and petioles [...] seed). Optimum temperature for germination, infection and sporulation is relatively low, in general between 10 and 20 °C. Late in the season new overwintering [...] white and later turns grey-brown. This is, in fact, the sporulation of the pathogens extruding from the stomata. In lettuce, the foot is infected first and

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Fusarium wilt

be seen when the stems are cut. In banana, whole plantations may die and the soil may not be suitable for planting for many years to come. Life cycle and [...] water) Use clean substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery and irrigation water in greenhouses Prevent stress for the plants Ensure there is [...] is similar to that of most Fusarium species. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

35-37 °C, the optimum for Race 3 is 27 °C, which makes it more dangerous in temperate regions. It survives well in water and in many different soil types [...] quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical and subtropical [...] xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential host plants. Damage symptoms In potato, field symptoms of Ralstonia solanacearum

Fusarium spp.

be seen when the stems are cut. In banana, whole plantations may die, and the soil may not be suitable for planting for many years subsequently. F. gra [...] also produce ascospores. In general, the life cycle of different Fusarium species is similar. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil, and on crop [...] seed-borne or takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip, or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off the tap root. F. oxysporum

Damping-off

are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature [...] higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage [...] name damping-off disease. In slightly older plants, the leaves lose their turgor or the leaf tips turn yellow, for example in flower bulbs. At first, the

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

survive as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying [...] infects plants through fresh wounds, for example pruning wounds. It cannot infect healthy green leaves, but can grow in senescent leaves and from there grow [...] required for disease development. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium carovora can also be found as secondary pathogen in plants that

Early blight

General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers (especially dangerous in crops for seed production) and to the crown. Sporulation of Alternaria occurs at [...] 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperature occur between species, but in general the risk of Alternaria infection is larger