• Bugs

  puncturing leaves and growing points with their piercing-sucking mouthparts and extracting nutrients from them, resulting in deformations and puncture holes [...] five nymphal instars and the adult insect. Several species of especially the families Miridae and Pentatomidae are found as pests in agricultural crops. [...] Heteropteran bugs form a group in the order Hemiptera , a highly diverse group of insects, containing both harmful and beneficial species. Heteropteran

• Western flower thrips

  vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses, and on various weeds. It is an especially significant pest in cucumber, sweet pepper, eggplants, and many ornamental [...] pupa, and finally the adult insect. The eggs of the western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft [...] ) usually pupate in the ground, although pupae can also be found on leaves, in flowers or in other sheltered places. The prepupal and pupal instars can

• Southern European marshland pyralid

  prolegs. Caterpillars are found in webs, preferably in damp, humid places and are thus mainly found low in the crop, often in decaying organic material on [...] crops cultivated in an ebb-and-flow irrigation system. The damage threshold varies considerably according to the crop: in begonia and kalanchoë a relatively [...] concealed either within the crop or in another suitable spot in the vicinity. Pupation occurs in a cocoon made of webbing, frass and soil particles. The pupa itself

• Onion thrips

  instars, prepupa, pupa, and finally the adult insect. The eggs of the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft parts of [...] tabaci) usually pupate in the ground, although pupae can also be found on leaves, in flowers or in other sheltered places. The prepupal and pupal instars can [...] throughout the world. It is found outdoors on many plants and particularly damaging on onions, leek, and in greenhouses on cucurbits, tomato, sweet pepper, eggplant

• Impatiens thrips

  sweet pepper, cucumber and eggplants. It lives exclusively on the leaves and is often present on weeds in greenhouses. Life cycle and appearance of Impatiens [...] relatively large. Both males and females are dark brown to black in colour with orange pigmentation between the segments, and the dark wings are white at [...] as a consequence of the trade in foliage plants. Impatiens thrips (Echinothrips americanus) has a wide range of hosts. In addition to many ornamental plants

• Tobacco aphid

  evolved from the peach potato aphid in the Far East and is a key pest of tobacco crops in both the United States and South America. The tobacco aphid ( [...] is also encountered in a range of crops in greenhouses, such as sweet pepper, aubergine, chrysanthemum, and various pot plants and cut flower crops. Damage [...] Life cycle and appearance of Tobacco aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour.

• Beet armyworm

  serious pest in greenhouses, where it feeds on ornamental plants such as chrysanthemum, gerbera, roses and potted plants. In both the greenhouse and the field [...] (Spodoptera exigua) lays its eggs in packets, sometimes in several layers, and on top of a mass of white, cottony hairs and scales from the moth’s body. The [...] damage can spread to the stems, and in the worst cases to the fruit. This often leads to the entire contents being consumed. In ornamental crops the worst damage

• Obscure mealybug

  reduction of photosynthesis and therefore the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order to gain an adequate [...] damage on the crop in various ways: Nymphs and females extract the sap from the plant, stunting growth and causing deformation and / or yellowing of leaves [...] Fruit and flowers are also fouled, rendering them unfit for sale, and the reduced level of photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit

• Flies

  soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their larvae live in the ground and prefer moist [...] problem in greenhouse and field crops, where they disturb plant growth, spread diseases and affect crop hygiene. Their larvae can damage roots and growing [...] traps, lures, and attractants Insect traps Sticky traps Beneficial nematodes and predatory mites target fly larvae in the soil, while traps and attractants

• Beetles

  larvae and adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems, but in other [...] can cause serious damage in many greenhouse and field crops by feeding on leaves, roots, or fruits, leading to reduced growth and yield loss. Effective beetle [...] traps Beneficial nematodes actively seek out and eliminate beetle larvae in the soil, while traps help monitor and reduce adult beetle populations. With Koppert’s