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• Early blight

  spread to the flowers (especially dangerous in crops for seed production) and to the crown. Sporulation of Alternaria occurs at temperatures from 2-4 °C [...] species through the splash of rain. How to prevent Early blight Remove crop residues, weeds and volunteer plants. Use clean seed and propagation materials [...] specific symptoms. Damage symptoms Alternaria solani causes small green to dark brown spots to occur on leaves. Those spots then turn into dark brown angular lesions

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  spores require water for dispersal. How to prevent Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Grow peas in arid regions Use clean seed Use a minimum crop rotation of four [...] elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The

• Parasitic wasps

  outbreaks of specific pest species. How do parasitic wasps control pests? Parasitic wasps employ two primary methods to control pests: parasitization and [...] body or attaches them to the host's exterior. Larval development: When the parasitic wasp eggs hatch, the newly emerged larvae begin to feed on the host pest [...] beneficial insects, animals, or the environment. Benefits of parasitic wasps Using parasitic wasps for pest control offers a range of benefits: Enhanced crop

• Damping-off

  c, so these do not harm plants. How to prevent Damping-off Use resistant cultivars or graft on tolerant cultivars Use clean planting material Ensure regular [...] Increase the distance to the main substrate at the start by using higher substrate blocks for the seedlings. In field crops: Avoid the use of fields with inadequate [...] spores with flagellae, which enable the spores to move through water. The zoospores are chemically drawn to the growing roots of young plants and move towards

• Macrocheles robustulus

  structure. The minimum temperature for successful use of Macrocheles robustulus is 15°C (59°F). How to use Macrocheles robustulus The predatory mite Macrocheles [...] oval, about 0.3 x 0.2 mm in size and pearly white. Best conditions for use of Macrocheles robustulus For optimal results the soil has to be moist, rich in [...] strategies. Macrocheles robustulus for pest control Macrocheles robustulus is used for the control of the following pests: Sciarid flies (fungus gnats) Thrips

• Fusarium wilt

  branch off from the tap root. How to prevent Fusarium wilt Remove or destroy crop residues Choose resistant cultivars Use clean propagation materials (seed [...] plantations may die and the soil may not be suitable for planting for many years to come. Life cycle and appearance of Fusarium wilt Fusarium oxysporum has many [...] Some also produce ascospores. The Fusarium oxysporum life cycle, is similar to that of most Fusarium species. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  favourable. This makes it more difficult to recognize infected fields. How to prevent Bacterial wilt, brown rot Use disease free propagation materials (seed [...] help the bacteria to infect the crop Do not use cut potatoes for propagation, since cutting tubers can increase disease incidence with up to 250% Quarantine [...] it is tuber-borne. Spread from plant to plant results from bacteria moving from the roots of infected plants to neighbouring plants. The bacteria can

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  potato is a different subspecies. How to prevent Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot Prevent high humidity Use sanitation to prevent spread within the crop [...] lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at the stem end. Later the fruit [...] been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying vegetation to the growing crop that way. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora or Pectobacterium

• Downy mildew of rose

  overwinter in living host plants like blackberry. How to prevent Downy mildew Choose resistant cultivars Use a wide crop rotation with non-host crops Prevent [...] plant to fall over. In cabbage the stem is also infected in severe epidemics. In blackberry, red stripes may occur on the stems and petioles due to systemic [...] fruits die and shrivel. Later infections cause the berries to split and one or both parts to possibly shrivel. Life cycle and appearance of Downy mildew