Fall Armyworm

symptoms The developing larvae eat different parts of the host plant, depending on the crop, the stage of crop development, and the age of the larvae. On [...] mark on the front of the head and four large spots on the upper surface of the last segment. Pupae are reddish brown and measure 13 to 17 mm in length. [...] General The fall armyworm is a polyphagous pest that is indigenous throughout the Americas. Recently, it has been found in Africa too. The caterpillars

Biological seed treatment

applied to the seed in a powder form or as a liquid. An even layer covers the whole seed. In this way, the beneficial ingredients are available to the seed when [...] colonize the roots and protect the crop during the entire growing season. Seed treatment increases the availability of plant nutrients in the root system [...] stress, the development of the root system, and the productivity of the crop. An overview of positive attributes of microbials depending on the organism:

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Damping-off

during the night, but later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system [...] f disease. In slightly older plants, the leaves lose their turgor or the leaf tips turn yellow, for example in flower bulbs. At first, the plants recover [...] higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage

Fusarium spp.

This species is the only Fusarium that actually grows inside the vascular system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species [...] infection of the roots at the root tip, or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off the tap root. F. oxysporum grows inside the roots towards [...] towards the foot of the plant and enters the vascular system. Inside the vessels, the fungus produces mycelium and many spores (microconidia), which are

Angular leaf spot

overwinters in plants and dead leaves, that become the primary source of infection in the spring. The bacteria are also introduced in a crop in new transplants [...] survive well in dry leaves or leaves in the soil, but not independantly in the soil. Under humid conditions, bacteria ooze from the lesions on the leaves and [...] limited by the small veins. The distinctive feature is the way the lesions look when using different light sources: when reflected light is used, the lesions

Downy mildew of rose

extruding from the stomata. In lettuce, the foot is infected first and this causes the plant to fall over. In cabbage the stem is also infected in severe epidemics [...] 15 °C. The closer the temperature is to these 15 °C , the shorter the leaf wetness period that is required for germination. Inside the plant, the pathogens [...] brown. On the underside of the leaf fluffy growth appears which is first white and later turns grey-brown. This is, in fact, the sporulation of the pathogens

Botrytis

cinerea ) is part of the foot rot complex, which causes rotting of the foot and may cause death of the plants. In cucumber and tomato the fungus causes lesions [...] pruning wounds. These lesions may encircle the stem, so the part of the plant above the lesion wilts and dies. In vegetables and strawberry, grey mould ( [...] irregular wound surfaces In cucumber: remove dead leaves on the stem once, especially in the autumn, because from these leaves the stems are infected, possibly

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

signs of wilting during the day which may disappear in the early stages of infection. Under conditions favourable for the bacteria, the whole plant will wilt [...] s roots on the stem. The vascular stem tissue is coloured brown and when the stem is cut, bacterial slime oozes from the wound. This is the way to distinguish [...] Infected stems show long, dark brown streaks. The vascular tissue in the tubers becomes grey-brown and the tuber eyes also turn grey-brown. This disease

Early blight

General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause [...] crop rotation, in particular when spores surviving in the soil are the main source of infection. Especially wheat and barley reduce the number of surviving [...] occur at the side of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers