Two-spotted spider mite

tomatoes and cucumbers, as little as 30% damage of the leaf surface can lead to loss of the crop. The nymphs and adults also produce webs, and plants can get [...] protonymph, deutonymph, and adult. In the larval and nymphal stages, an active period and a resting period of roughly equal duration can be distinguished. Eggs [...] nymphs and adults cause damage to the host plant by feeding on plant sap. They mainly occur on the underside of leaves where they pierce the cells and suck

Nematodes established solution for Nesidiocoris in France

Nesidiocoris tenuis is a bug that has been a problem in France for a good 10 years. It causes significant damage, particularly to tomatoes, and seriously disrupts [...] biological equilibrium. SCEA de Fontanel was one of the early Koppert France customers and still is, using many of Koppert’s IPM solutions, including Capsanem [...] pressure. ‘We produce five hectares of tomatoes, through direct and hydroponic cultivation, in Châteaurenard near Marseille, and have done for four generations

Greenhouse whitefly

covered with a white waxy substance. Damage symptoms The larvae of whitefly need a lot of protein for growth, and thus consume a large quantity of plant sap [...] feeding on plant sap can affect the physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight, leaves can wilt and fall. Such leaf [...] emerges from the pupa via a T-shaped fissure. The adult whiteflies can usually be found in the top of the plant and on the underside of young leaves, where they

Onion thrips

prepupa, pupa, and finally the adult insect. The eggs of the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft parts of stalks. They [...] plant tissue with a saw-like ovipositor. Larvae are light to yellowish green in colour, with a large head and bright red eyes. The colour of the adult depends [...] Damage symptoms Thrips cause damage to plants by piercing the cells of the surface tissues and sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

is a plant pathogenic bacterium. It is a soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential [...] plants. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial wilt, brown rot Ralstonia solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism [...] United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical and subtropical regions and is transferred by the introduction of propagation materials

Diglyphus isaea

isaea is most effective at temperatures between 15°C and 25°C (59 and 77°F). Behaviour of the parasitic wasp Diglyphus isaea Diglyphus isaea is a parasitoid [...] as a result of which the leaf miner larva dies. A few days after being parasitized, the leaf miner larva turns flaccid and brown. Older larvae of D. isaea [...] nectar and honeydew. Life cycle and appearance of Diglyphus isaea Because Diglyphus isaea is an ectoparasite, all instars (egg, larva, pupa and adult)

Beet armyworm

greenhouse and the field, it is a major pest of sweet pepper. Life cycle and appearance of Beet armyworm The beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) is a small, [...] The colour and pattern of the caterpillars is highly variable and depends partly on the host plant, the stage of development and the climate. A full-grown [...] lays its eggs in packets, sometimes in several layers, and on top of a mass of white, cottony hairs and scales from the moth’s body. The eggs, usually grey

Damping-off

roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium [...] stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Damping-off Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes, a separate group [...] considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example

Trichoderma harzianum

harzianum produces a range of secondary metabolites and enzymes that have antagonistic effects on plant pathogens. These metabolites and enzymes can directly inhibit [...] system through the formation of more root hairs, so that water and nutrients can be absorbed better. This leads to a stronger and more uniform crop resulting [...] absorb. As a result, it provides a natural and environmentally friendly approach to disease management in agriculture and horticulture. Advantages of Trichoderma

Tomato russet mite

in Australia and is a pest in tomatoes in all areas where they are grown. Other members of the plant family Solanaceae may be affected to a lesser extent [...] extent. Life cycle and appearance of tomato russet mite All life stages of the tomato russet mite are extremely small and difficult to observe. They are elongated [...] the contents of plant cells. Affected leaves are slightly curled and acquire a silvery sheen on the underside. Later they become brown and brittle. Badly