Damping-off

higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage [...] Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings. Infected plants lag in growth. Seedlings start falling over, also called ‘damping-off’ [...] typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Damping-off

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

temperatures of 35-37 °C, the optimum for Race 3 is 27 °C, which makes it more dangerous in temperate regions. It survives well in water and in many different [...] causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential host plants. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial wilt, brown rot Ralstonia s [...] quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical and subtropical

Fusarium wilt

cycle, is similar to that of most Fusarium species. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop residues of infected plants as chlamydospores [...] plants Ensure there is adequate soil drainage Apply nitrogen in the form of nitrate instead of ammonium Prevent damage during harvest and during post-harvest [...] General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are

Botrytis

Botrytis cinerea ) is part of the foot rot complex, which causes rotting of the foot and may cause death of the plants. In cucumber and tomato the fungus [...] fungus in many environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs and crop residues or as sclerotia (drought- and cold-resistant structures) in the soil [...] fruit. In potted plants, the cuttings die due to carry-over infection from infected parent plants. Life cycle and appearance of Grey mould Spores of grey

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying [...] wilt at the time of first harvest or after that. The pith disintegrates and the stem becomes hollow. Because of the bacterial growth in the pith, the stem [...] carotovora . It is one of the pectolytic bacteria causing extensive bacterial rots (bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot). Damage symptoms In tomato, Erwinia

Black sigatoka disease

turns brown and ultimately dies. In cases of severe infection leaves may die within a few weeks. Because of the lack of leaf tissues, fruit maturity is [...] leaf-spot of banana. Damage symptoms Black sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis ) first causes small, light yellow spots or streaks on leaves of about one [...] adjacent stomata. Both types of spores can germinate within two or three hours under humid conditions, but infection takes a minimum of two or three days under

Cottony soft rot

is a plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Life cycle and appearance of Cottony soft rot Cottony soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum [...] sclerotiorum ) overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between 4 [...] creating a source of infection for the next crop. The dispersal to neighbouring plants is by mycelial growth. Damage symptoms The first symptoms of a cottony soft

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

) causes foot rot in peas, whereas Ascochyta pisi does occur sometimes at the stem base but is not part of the foot rot syndrome in peas. Infected seeds [...] blight or pea blight) and lesions of stems, leaves, and pods (pea leaf spot and pea pod spot). Life cycle and appearance of Pea blight, leaf and pod spot Ascochyta [...] Ascochyta pisi hardly survives in the soil or on crop residues because of its poor saprophytic competitiveness and because chlamydospores are rare. Primary

Phytophthora blight

optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering [...] blight and late / early blight of potato. Damage symptoms Phytophthora causes root rot, seedling damping off and rot of stems, bulbs, tubers, leaves and [...] a period of mass starvation caused by this disease which ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s. Life cycle and appearance of Phytophthora

Citrus mealybug

an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess sugars in the form of honeydew. Charac [...] many and diverse host plants. In temperate regions of the world this mealybug poses a problem in greenhouse horticulture, and in the tropics and sub-tropics [...] can also appear in cucumber, melon and aubergine. Life cycle of mealybugs Life cycle and appearance of Citrus mealybug Adult females of Planococcus citri