American serpentine leaf miner

roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate. A small [...] enter the plant tissue via the feeding spots. Life cycle and appearance of American serpentine leaf miner The life cycle of a leaf miner has the following [...] ovipositor, usually in the upper side of the leaf. Egg spots are oval and hard to distinguish from feeding spots. The larvae of Liriomyza trifolii are

Integrated Pest Management

insects and biological control One of the key aspects of IPM is harnessing the power of natural enemies to control pest populations. Predatory mites , parasitic [...] detect the presence of pests and respond accordingly. The use of insect traps can also be an effective way to control pests without resorting to chemicals [...] and scouting is the systematic observation of crops throughout their growth cycle. This involves a close inspection of plants for signs of pests and diseases

Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

transmitted on the outside of the seed coat and cause primary infection. The conidia germinate and infect through the stomata or directly through the cuticle [...] spots on leaves, stems and pods of peas. The spots on leaves and pods are round, on the stems they are more elongated. The lesions are light brown, sunken [...] sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The fungus is seed borne and thus also causes

Black sigatoka disease

conidia. The ascospores are wind-dispersed over longer distances, the conidia are splash-dispersed within the crop. Both types of spores cause the exact same [...] them, so the spores cannot be discharged from the lower leaves in the stack Use under-canopy (drip) irrigation to reduce splash dispersal Lower the humidity [...] possible by preventing the occurrence of puddles and ensuring optimal ventilation in the crop Prevent plant diseases by optimizing plant potential and crop

Onion thrips

cause damage to plants by piercing the cells of the surface tissues and sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting [...] patches on leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop. The vigour of the plant is reduced by loss of chlorophyll. When [...] eggs of the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft parts of stalks. They are inserted into the plant tissue with a

Grapes

it comes to the production of wine, but also table grapes. Still, cultivars of the Vitis vinifera are the basis of wine production around the world. All [...] About The common grape vine ( Vitis vinifera ) is a species of Vitis . The plant comes originally from the Mediterranean region, central Europe and so [...] Germany and Iran. The grape is the fruit of this plant and is actually a berry. Grapes are consumed fresh and they are processed to make wine or juice

Chilli pepper

perennial (short-lived) plants. The plant’s flowers are white and have a greenish white or greenish yellow corolla. The plant’s berries are very small (10–20 [...] About The particular species of chilli pepper, Capsicum frutescens, is at times categorized under the species Capsicum annuum . The pepper cultivars of [...] acrid, their shape is ellipsoid-conical to lanceolate. The fruit (the peppers) usually develop from a pale yellow to a bright red when ripe. Varieties can

Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Hypoaspis miles)

and other soil-dwelling insects. The mites appear in and on the soil and at the base of plant stems. The reduction of the infestation level occurs at a slow [...] appear in and on the soil and at the base of plant stems and offer a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. Stratiolaelaps [...] Hypoaspis miles) is used for the control of the following pests: Thrips Sciarid flies (Fungus gnats) The predatory mites feed on larvae of sciarid flies, thrips

Macrolophus pygmaeus

as well as the larvae of leaf miners . When the bug is present in a crop in large numbers, it can contribute substantially to the control of these pests [...] only able to feed on plant sap, they lay far fewer eggs and the nymphs (if similarly deprived of living prey) will die. Consumption of plant sap, however [...] stripe runs behind the eyes. The first part of the forewings is a transparent, soft green with a small black spot in the middle. The hind part is colourless

Maize

Every part of the maize plant has economic value: the grain, leaves, stalk, tassel, and cob can all be used to produce a large variety of food and non-food [...] grain plant that is divided in different types including: pod corn, sweet corn, flour corn and baby corn. Maize is adaptable to a whole range of climate [...] climate conditions and is the single most extensively grown crop in Kenya. It is also the country's main staple food and is cultivated by both small and la