• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  is a plant pathogenic bacterium. It is a soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential [...] appearance of Bacterial wilt, brown rot Ralstonia solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United [...] 250% Quarantine measures are in place, including a five-year ban on using a field for potato cropping after infection of potatoes from that field has been

• Phytophthora blight

  growth on the leaves. The centre is grey-brown with a light-green edge. On the stem, elongated brown lesions occur, usually circling the stem. On potato [...] was a period of mass starvation caused by this disease which ravaged potato crops throughout Europe during the 1840s. Life cycle and appearance of Phytophthora [...] optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual overwintering

• Damping-off

  and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection [...] mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings. Infected [...] stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Damping-off Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes, a separate group

• False codling moth

  laid singly on the surface of the fruit and resemble a saucer-shaped dome. After a few days the eggs hatch and the neonate larvae finds a suitable place [...] pupates in the top layer of the soil. The moths emerge after a couple of weeks. The life cycle varies between 5 weeks to 3 months depending on the time [...] native to sub-Saharan Africa and is found in all citrus production areas in Southern Africa. It also occurs on some of the Indian and Atlantic Ocean islands

• Beetles

  is the largest of all insect orders and displays an enormous variety of form, size and habit. A number of species are a serious pest in crops or stored [...] Beetles belong to the order Coleoptera, a well-known group of insects that are easily recognizable on account of their hard wing covers (elytra). With more [...] and adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems, but in other species

• Beet armyworm

  armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) lays its eggs in packets, sometimes in several layers, and on top of a mass of white, cottony hairs and scales from the moth’s [...] the ground in preparation for pupation. Although pupation sometimes occurs in the crop, it usually takes place on the surface of the ground in a loosely spun [...] is highly polyphagous, feeding on plants of more than 20 families. It is a serious pest in greenhouses, where it feeds on ornamental plants such as chr

• Greenhouse whitefly

  The larvae of whitefly need a lot of protein for growth, and thus consume a large quantity of plant sap. This contains a high proportion of sugar, and [...] population is very large, feeding on plant sap can affect the physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight, leaves can wilt [...] fall. Such leaf damage can in turn influence the development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes it sticky. Dirt

• Broad mite

  leaves. In case of a mild infestation, one can often see brown, frequently collapsed spots, or brown stripes forming a fine network on the leaves. In case [...] s latus) occurs in the tropics and in greenhouses in temperate regions. The broad mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus) has a wide range of host plants, especially [...] The typical pattern of damage consists of malformation and distortion of the above-ground growth of the plant. The mites show a preference for young,

• Aphids

  the growth of a black sooty mold. Aphids life cycle Aphid damage Depending on the species, aphids can inflict various types of damage to a crop: Nymphs [...] extract large quantities of sap in order to get sufficient protein. As a consequence, the excess sugar is secreted in the form of honeydew, making the crop [...] Plenty of Options with our Comprehensive IPM package for Management of Thrips. At a glance: Allies in the fight against Whitefly Know Your Enemy - A closer

• Tomato leafminer

  the soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine. If they leave the mines they build silk cocoons on the leaflets or in the soil. When [...] absoluta), a major pest of field- and greenhouse-grown tomatoes, belongs to the family of Gelechiidae . It is oligophagous, feeding mainly on Solanaceae [...] may also occur underneath the crown of the fruit and even inside the fruit itself. On leaves, the larvae only feed on mesophyll tissues, leaving the epidermis