• Angular leaf spot

  fragariae is a leaf spot disease found in strawberry. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas fragariae initially causes small, water-soaked lesions on the underside [...] veins. The distinctive feature is the way the lesions look when using different light sources: when reflected light is used, the lesions look dark green [...] but when transmitted light is used, they are translucent. When conditions are humid, a viscous bacterial exudate forms on the underside of the leaf. This

• Cottony soft rot

  the naked eye and look like rat droppings. The symptoms may occur on stems but also on leaves, fruits and pods. Root infection often leads to premature [...] usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating sclerotia. The fungus grows quite rapidly inside the plant and kills the host cells. On the infected plant [...] General Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, also known as cottony soft root, is a plant pathogenic fungus. It has a very wide range of host plants. Damage symptoms

• False codling moth

  Thaumatotibia leucotreta ) is native to sub-Saharan Africa and is found in all citrus production areas in Southern Africa. It also occurs on some of the Indian [...] a leucotreta . The reason for this pest’s high pest status is its quarantine status and is not due to the economic losses. Damage and symptoms Larval [...] around the penetration hole eventually assumes a yellow colour. On ripe fruit this area is orange, but eventually becomes sunken and brown as the damage

• Early blight

  only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection [...] veins. Lesions can easily rupture. Other symptoms are brown lesions on stem and foot. On fruits, dark sunken, leathery lesions occur at the side of the stem [...] blight of potato and early blight of tomato, which presents itself as spots on leaves, petals and stems. These spots can be distinguished by the dark and

• Impatiens thrips

  Pupation occurs on the leaf rather than on the ground. The prepupae and pupae remain immobile on the leaf tissue. Adults are found on both upper- and [...] sweet pepper, cucumber and eggplants. It lives exclusively on the leaves and is often present on weeds in greenhouses. Life cycle and appearance of Impatiens [...] from egg to adult on the plant, specifically on the leaves. Eggs are deposited in the leaf tissue, while subsequent stages are found on the upper- and undersides

• Greenhouse whitefly

  es: If the population is very large, feeding on plant sap can affect the physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight [...] and the excess is excreted as honeydew, with larger larvae expelling large quantities. The damage that whiteflies cause to a crop is the result of sucking [...] The honeydew deposited on fruit makes it sticky. Dirt adheres to the fruit, and the growth of sooty moulds ( Cladosporium spp .) is encouraged, making it

• Cotton leafworm

  littoralis) is a highly polyphagous species feeding on plants of 40 families, containing 87 species of economic importance. It originates in Egypt, and is currently [...] excrement protrudes from the holes they have produced. On tobacco, the stem base is often destroyed. On maize, the cotton leafworm ( Spodoptera littoralis [...] Each egg is roughly spherical, about 0.6 mm long and whitish yellow. They are laid in clusters of 20 to 500 pieces on lower leaf surfaces, often on the lower

• Beet armyworm

  ability to develop on wild vegetation during the summer. It is highly polyphagous, feeding on plants of more than 20 families. It is a serious pest in [...] worst damage is caused by attacks on flowers and buds. Life cycle and appearance of Beet armyworm The beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) is a small, nondescript [...] and a yellow band running the length of the body on either side, above which there is a black dot on each segment. The young caterpillars live in groups

• Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

  Pectobacterium carovora is very common, but does not often reach epidemic population densities. It can survive as epiphytic bacteria on various plants or in [...] subsp. carotovora has recently been renamed Pectobacterium carotovora . It is one of the pectolytic bacteria causing extensive bacterial rots (bacterial [...] Pectobacterium carovora causes bacterial stem rot as well as soft rot. Stem rot is first noticed when plants wilt at the time of first harvest or after that

• Tobacco whitefly

  es: If the population is very large, feeding on plant sap can affect the physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight [...] referred to as ‘pupa’ although strictly spoken this is not true) and adult. The larvae are found on the underside of young leaves and have an oval shape [...] often scattered over the entire plant where they deposit their eggs. This is why on one leaf all different developmental stages can be found together. When