Caterpillars

belong to the Noctuidae (the noctuid or owl moths), which is the largest of all lepidopteran families. Most adults of this family are nocturnal. The caterpillars [...] pupate in the ground. Another family containing several species that damage greenhouse crops is the leafroller family, the Tortricidae. The name ‘leafroller’ [...] out over the plant as they grow larger. As their size increases, so too does the damage they inflict: leaves are often skeletonized, with only the mid-rib

Crop Protection

residues on crops. This enhances food safety and reduces the risk of pesticide residues in the food chain, addressing consumer concerns about chemical exposure [...] allows you to meet the increasingly strict requirements set by retail, including supermarkets, ensuring that your produce aligns with their quality and [...] require a pre-harvest interval (PHI) due to the inherent safety. These agents do not pose risks to human health or the environment. Minimal resistance against

Whitefly

belong to the order Hemiptera (true bugs ). Together with aphids and scale insects, they belong to the division Sternorrhyncha. The whiteflies form the family [...] family Aleyrodidae. The most common species are the greenhouse whitefly , Trialeurodes vaporariorum , and the tobacco whitefly , Bemisia tabaci . Both are [...] excess is excreted as honeydew, with larger larvae expelling large quantities. This can have the following consequences: If the population is very large, feeding

Thrips

their presence in the crop. At a later stage, the empty cells become desiccated and the adjacent cells turn brown. The vigour of the plant is also reduced [...] cells of the surface tissue and sucking out their contents, causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting silver-grey patches on leaves and the black [...] greenhouse horticulture. The Western flower thrips ( Frankliniella occidentalis ) is the most damaging species. Thrips form the order Thysanoptera, a name

Mealybugs and scales

on this honeydew, which, as well as the white, waxy secretion of the mealybugs, reduces the ornamental value of the affected plants. Fruit and flowers are [...] is mainly the great quantity of honey-dew that causes the damage because of the sooty mould that grows on it. Ants are also attracted by the honeydew. [...] In fact, the honeydew with its sooty mould is usually the first sign of the presence of this type of pest. Among ornamental crops, ferns are particularly

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Plant Health

they transfer sugars to the root system, stimulating the soil food web. This interaction releases essential minerals, enabling the formation of complete [...] Embracing biological pest control Over the years, biological pest control has proven effective in managing pests without the drawbacks of chemical pesticides [...] ss and compliance with stringent chemical residue standards. Nurturing plant-soil interaction Understanding how plants interact with their environment

Cottony soft rot

sclerotia. The fungus grows quite rapidly inside the plant and kills the host cells. On the infected plant tissue white, fluffy mycelium occurs with new dark [...] grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium, big, dark sclerotia are formed. They can easily be seen with the naked [...] base and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses, usually only mycelium is produced by the germinating sclerotia

Phytophthora blight

water-soaked lesions with vague borders and white fluffy fungal growth on the leaves. The centre is grey-brown with a light-green edge. On the stem, elongated [...] from the root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores [...] zoospores. The pathogen grows into the stem and on the plant surface and new sporangiophores (structures containing sporangia, a type of spores) with sporangia

Damping-off

bulbs. At first, the plants recover during the night, but later the plants wilt irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot [...] of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy [...] easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance of Damping-off Pythium belongs to the Oomycetes, a separate