Fusarium spp.

also produce ascospores. In general, the life cycle of different Fusarium species is similar. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil, and on crop [...] effectively with hot water) Use clean substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery and irrigation water in greenhouses Prevent plant stress Ensure [...] the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are capable of causing disease in many agriculturally important crops Damage symptoms of Fusarium spp. Fusarium

Damping-off

higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage [...] allow the disease to spread to neighbouring plants. The zoospores disperse via water. Therefore, this disease spreads most rapidly in wet conditions with [...] survive very well in the soil or substrate in the absence of plants. Many species are entirely saprophytic, so these do not harm plants. How to prevent Damping-off

Angular leaf spot

source of infection in the spring. The bacteria are also introduced in a crop in new transplants. This bacterium is very resistant to desiccation and can [...] can survive well in dry leaves or leaves in the soil, but not independantly in the soil. Under humid conditions, bacteria ooze from the lesions on the leaves [...] found in strawberry. Damage symptoms Xanthomonas fragariae initially causes small, water-soaked lesions on the underside of the leaf. They enlarge to angular

Early blight

sporulation. Species may differ in specific symptoms. Damage symptoms Alternaria solani causes small green to dark brown spots to occur on leaves. Those spots [...] of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers (especially dangerous in crops for seed production) and to the crown. Sporulation of Alternaria occurs [...] brassicae and A. brassicicola : adjust the sowing date to avoid conditions conducive to infection. In greenhouses: avoid high RH. Prevent plant diseases by

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical and subtropical [...] for Race 3 is 27 °C, which makes it more dangerous in temperate regions. It survives well in water and in many different soil types and on alternative hosts [...] xylem vessels. In potato, it is tuber-borne. Spread from plant to plant results from bacteria moving from the roots of infected plants to neighbouring plants

Botrytis

ventilation in greenhouse crops Remove diseased plants or plant parts in a closed plastic bag In tomato: prune with a knife and not by hand, to avoid rugged [...] fungus in many environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs and crop residues or as sclerotia (drought- and cold-resistant structures) in the soil [...] or damaged plants. How to prevent Grey mould Make sure the crop grows regularly with not too much vegetative growth, in order to maintain a microclimate

Downy mildew of rose

over. In cabbage the stem is also infected in severe epidemics. In blackberry, red stripes may occur on the stems and petioles due to systemic infection [...] This is, in fact, the sporulation of the pathogens extruding from the stomata. In lettuce, the foot is infected first and this causes the plant to fall over [...] fruits die and shrivel. Later infections cause the berries to split and one or both parts to possibly shrivel. Life cycle and appearance of Downy mildew

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

various plants or in the soil in low densities. It has also been found in the gut of insects, possibly spreading from decaying vegetation to the growing crop [...] secondary pathogen in plants that are infected by other pathogens. The bacteria that causes black leg in potato is a different subspecies. How to prevent Bacterial [...] lesions first are small and sunken, water-soaked and light to dark brown. They are adjacent to wounds and natural openings at the stem end. Later the fruit

Fusarium wilt

seen when the stems are cut. In banana, whole plantations may die and the soil may not be suitable for planting for many years to come. Life cycle and appearance [...] Fusarium oxysporum life cycle, is similar to that of most Fusarium species. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil and on crop residues of infected [...] of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. How to prevent Fusarium wilt Remove or destroy

Cottony soft rot

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between [...] source of infection for the next crop. The dispersal to neighbouring plants is by mycelial growth. How to prevent Cottony soft rot Practice dry cultivation/be [...] mycelium grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium, big, dark sclerotia are formed. They can easily be seen with