Aphids

length. They have a pear-shaped body with long antennae and two tube-like structures called tubercles on their rear end. Color: Aphids can be a variety of colors [...] ion. They may also excrete a sugary substance called honeydew, which can attract other insects and lead to the growth of a black sooty mold. Aphids life [...] various types of damage to a crop: Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth hormones. As a result, the plant’s growth

Cotton aphid

appearance of Cotton aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour. In greenhouses [...] or even a green-black colour . This body colour depends on temperature, food source and the density of the population. Large individuals (up to 1.8 mm long) [...] distributed throughout the world but prefers the warmer regions. It has been a pest in European greenhouses since the late 1980’s, particularly affecting

Tomato russet mite

The first nymphal stage is a transparent white colour and about 0.1 mm long. They usually develop to the 2nd stage within a day. All life stages look very [...] Australia and is a pest in tomatoes in all areas where they are grown. Other members of the plant family Solanaceae may be affected to a lesser extent. Damage [...] creamy white but turn to a patchy yellow as they age. The mites have two nymphal stages: sometimes they are also called larva (1st stage) and nymph (2nd

Fall Armyworm

13 to 17 mm in length. The eggs hatch after 3-5 days. Over the next 2 to 3 weeks, the larvae pass through 5-6 stages and the pupal stage takes 9-13 days [...] General The fall armyworm is a polyphagous pest that is indigenous throughout the Americas. Recently, it has been found in Africa too. The caterpillars [...] millet, tomato, potato and cotton. Fall armyworm moths generally disperse in a radius of about 500 km (300 miles) before oviposition, which is sufficient

Tobacco whitefly

symptoms The larvae of whitefly need a lot of protein for growth, and thus consume a large quantity of plant sap. This contains a high proportion of sugar, and [...] and subtropical countries of the world. The original habitat was probably a tropical or subtropical area, possibly Pakistan. The tobacco whitefly ( Bemisia [...] stadia remain flattened on the leaf. The fourth larva stadium develops into a yellow, almost circular so called pupa, in which the red eyes and white wings

Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

infected by other pathogens. The bacteria that causes black leg in potato is a different subspecies. How to prevent Bacterial soft rot, bacterial stem rot

Tomato leafminer

fruit. Pupation takes place in the soil or on the surface of a leaf, in a curled leaf or in a mine. If they leave the mines they build silk cocoons on the [...] greenish with a black band behind the head. The prepupae of the tomato leaf miner ( Tuta absoluta ) are lighter than the feeding larvae and have a typical pink [...] General The tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta), a major pest of field- and greenhouse-grown tomatoes, belongs to the family of Gelechiidae . It is oligophagous

Southern European marshland pyralid

pyralid or European pepper moth (Duponchelia fovealis) is a polyphagous species feeding on a wide range of hosts from 38 plant families. They include [...] be seen in the daytime. Eggs are laid singly or in groups of 5 to 10 eggs, overlapping in a tile-like fashion on both the upper and lower surface of leaves [...] The pinkish red eggs are about 0.5 mm in diameter and become steadily darker. Just before hatching, which occurs about a week later, the young larva is visible

American serpentine leaf miner

American serpentine leaf miner The life cycle of a leaf miner has the following stages: egg, three larval instars, a pupal instar and the adult fly. Adult leaf [...] reduces yield. In full-grown plants of fruiting vegetable crops, however, a considerable quantity of foliage can get damaged before the harvest is affected [...] less significance. Seedlings and young plants can be completely destroyed as a result of the direct damage caused by leaf miners. In gerbera, the larva of

Whitefly

Whitefly damage The larvae need a lot of nutrients for growth, and thus consume a large quantity of plant sap. This contains a high proportion of sugar, and [...] and prevent the spread of diseases. Biological control of whiteflies uses a combination of natural enemies and tools that target different pest stages: [...] very large, feeding on plant sap can affect the physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight, leaves can wilt and drop