• Cottony soft rot

  bodies) containing ascospores. The mycelium infects the stem base and the roots, whereas the ascospores infect the above-ground plant parts. In greenhouses [...] kills the host cells. On the infected plant tissue white, fluffy mycelium occurs with new dark sclerotia. The fungus also infects seeds and tubers, thereby [...] The first symptoms of a cottony soft root ( Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ) infection are water-soaked lesions at the stem base. The plant above it wilts and

• Pea blight, leaf and pod spot

  Primary infection is purely seed-borne. Conidia and other fungal structures are transmitted on the outside of the seed coat and cause primary infection. The [...] sunken and surrounded by a dark brown to red-brown border. The first infection is often on the primary leaves. The fungus is seed borne and thus also [...] pre-emergence damping off and dwarfing. Other Ascochyta species may also infect peas. Ascochyta pinodes causes Ascochyta blight, which causes darker spots

• Fusarium spp.

  Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are considered weak pathogens and can only infect wounded or stressed host plants [...] tion occurs. Infected glumes and kernels become white, due to dehydration, and later turn pinkish-red as spores are formed. Ear infection decreases the [...] Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species are considered weak pathogens, which can only infect wounded or stressed host plants

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  temperature is low, infection may remain latent until conditions are more favourable. This makes it more difficult to recognize infected fields. How to prevent [...] oozing from the cut. When the bacteria transfers to young plants through infected tubers, the wilting and collapse of plants happens rapidly. Leaves remain [...] remain green after wilting, until they are completely desiccated. Infected stems show long, dark brown streaks. The vascular tissue in the tubers becomes

• Downy mildew of rose

  petioles due to systemic infection. Early fruit infection may cause early reddening, after which the fruits die and shrivel. Later infections cause the berries [...] stomata. In lettuce, the foot is infected first and this causes the plant to fall over. In cabbage the stem is also infected in severe epidemics. In blackberry [...] raspberries and other Rubus species. Damage symptoms Downy mildew pathogens infect mostly the leaves but occasionally also stems and fruits. They cause lesions

• Angular leaf spot

  vascular tissue of the crown can be infected, creating a look similar to that of a Phytophthora fragariae infection. Life cycle and appearance of Angular [...] and form a secondary source of infection. They are dispersed by rain, irrigation water or handling of the plants. Infection of the plants happens both passively [...] overwinters in plants and dead leaves, that become the primary source of infection in the spring. The bacteria are also introduced in a crop in new transplants

• Early blight

  species, but in general the risk of Alternaria infection is larger under quite warm and humid conditions. Infection may take place within a few hours, with lesions [...] mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary infection of the leaves. Survival can be several years, up to eight years for several [...] of the stem. Life cycle and appearance of Early blight From the primary infection of leaves, Alternaria solani can spread to the flowers (especially dangerous

• Black sigatoka disease

  stomata. After infection, hyphae emerge from the stomata and either develop into conidiophores with new conidia or grow across the surface and infect adjacent [...] and the whole leaf turns brown and ultimately dies. In cases of severe infection leaves may die within a few weeks. Because of the lack of leaf tissues [...] spores can germinate within two or three hours under humid conditions, but infection takes a minimum of two or three days under optimal conditions (humidity

• Botrytis

  the fruit. In potted plants, the cuttings die due to carry-over infection from infected parent plants. Life cycle and appearance of Grey mould Spores of [...] because from these leaves the stems are infected, possibly killing the entire plant maintain a higher RH once stem infection is present, since more plants die [...] cells and then uses the content of the plant cells as nutrients. On the infected area, new spores are formed within a few days. Under circumstances unfavourable

• Phytophthora blight

  overwintering structures which infect the host. Zoospores are spores with flagellae which enable them to move through water. Infection is usually from the root [...] content than is optimal for crop growth. Phytophthora overwinters in roots, infected tubers and bulbs or in the soil in different stages: as oospores (sexual [...] root to the foot, but direct infection of the foot also occurs. Exudates leaking from growing root tips promote germination and attract the zoospores. The