Integrated Pest Management

g pests; it's about achieving a balance in the ecosystem. The principles of IPM Prevention IPM focuses on prevention rather than reaction. It emphasizes [...] Management in agriculture is crucial for sustainable farming. It reduces the reliance on chemical pesticides, which can have adverse effects on both crops [...] practices that deter pests from infesting in the first place. Monitoring Regular monitoring of pest populations helps in making informed decisions about control

Botrytis

fungus in many environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs and crop residues or as sclerotia (drought- and cold-resistant structures) in the soil [...] lesions. The symptoms on fruits, flowers and on various parts of potted plants often only become visible during and after cold storage. In lettuce, grey mould [...] plants or plant parts in a closed plastic bag In tomato: prune with a knife and not by hand, to avoid rugged, irregular wound surfaces In cucumber: remove dead

Neoseiulus cucumeris

of thrips in greenhouse crops. These predatory mites feed mostly on first instar thrips larvae. Neoseiulus cucumeris is a valuable solution in integrated [...] contents. In addition to thrips , Neoseiulus cucumeris preys on several other small organisms such as spider mites and tarsonemid mites. They also feed on pollen [...] instance in sweet pepper crops as the predatory mite can establish itself in the crop before the pest appears. The success of predatory mites in controlling

Early blight

General The only known stage in all Alternaria species is the asexual stage. Conidia and mycelium overwinter in the soil and on crop residues and cause primary [...] 90% or when the leaves are wet. Small differences in optimum temperature occur between species, but in general the risk of Alternaria infection is larger [...] by wind and in some species through the splash of rain. Damage symptoms Alternaria solani causes small green to dark brown spots to occur on leaves. Those

Damping-off

aphanidermatum mostly occurs in young plants and damage is more extensive in young crops. Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings [...] Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused [...] temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature. Pythium aphanidermatum mostly occurs at higher temperatures in the soil or irrigation water. Pythium

Bacterial wilt, brown rot

makes it more dangerous in temperate regions. It survives well in water and in many different soil types and on alternative hosts like weeds. It invades [...] quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the United States. It is a commonly found soil-inhabitant in tropical and subtropical [...] a plant pathogenic bacterium. It is a soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential

Beet armyworm

to its resistance to nearly all insecticides, and its ability to develop on wild vegetation during the summer. It is highly polyphagous, feeding on plants [...] families. It is a serious pest in greenhouses, where it feeds on ornamental plants such as chrysanthemum, gerbera, roses and potted plants. In both the [...] the ground in preparation for pupation. Although pupation sometimes occurs in the crop, it usually takes place on the surface of the ground in a loosely

Predatory mites

and Neoseiulus californicus ( Spical ) are specialized in feeding on spider mites. They both prey on spider mites at every stage of their life cycle. Predatory [...] prey on the larvae of fungus gnats in the soil, preventing them from turning into adult fungus gnats. Predatory mites packaging Predatory mites in bottles [...] demonstrated its practical effectiveness, enabling the use of predatory mites even in suboptimal conditions. Examples of predatory mites in Ulti-Mite sachets

Cottony soft rot

The plant above it wilts and rots. White, fluffy fungal mycelium grows on the lesions, giving this disease its name cottony soft rot. In the mycelium, big [...] sclerotiorum ) overwinters as sclerotia and mycelium in dead and living plant material in or on the ground. Sclerotia germinate at temperatures between [...] the naked eye and look like rat droppings. The symptoms may occur on stems but also on leaves, fruits and pods. Root infection often leads to premature

Impatiens thrips

attacks sweet pepper, cucumber and eggplants. It lives exclusively on the leaves and is often present on weeds in greenhouses. About Impatiens thrips Life cycle [...] from egg to adult on the plant, specifically on the leaves. Eggs are deposited in the leaf tissue, while subsequent stages are found on the upper- and undersides [...] Pupation occurs on the leaf rather than on the ground. The prepupae and pupae remain immobile on the leaf tissue. Adults are found on both upper- and